在Linux上安装LNMP环境指南

LNMP代表Linux、Nginx、MySQL/MariaDB和PHP，是一种常见的Web服务器环境组合。以下是详细的安装步骤：

1. 系统准备

首先确保你的Linux系统是最新的：

# 对于Ubuntu/Debian
sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y

# 对于CentOS/RHEL
sudo yum update -y

2. 安装Nginx

Ubuntu/Debian:

sudo apt install nginx -y
sudo systemctl start nginx
sudo systemctl enable nginx

CentOS/RHEL:

sudo yum install epel-release -y
sudo yum install nginx -y
sudo systemctl start nginx
sudo systemctl enable nginx

验证Nginx是否运行：

curl -I 127.0.0.1

3. 安装MySQL/MariaDB

Ubuntu/Debian (MySQL):

sudo apt install mysql-server -y
sudo mysql_secure_installation
sudo systemctl start mysql
sudo systemctl enable mysql

CentOS/RHEL (MariaDB):

sudo yum install mariadb-server mariadb -y
sudo systemctl start mariadb
sudo systemctl enable mariadb
sudo mysql_secure_installation

4. 安装PHP

Ubuntu/Debian (PHP 8.1为例):

sudo apt install software-properties-common -y
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ondrej/php -y
sudo apt update
sudo apt install php8.1-fpm php8.1-mysql php8.1-curl php8.1-gd php8.1-mbstring php8.1-xml php8.1-zip -y

CentOS/RHEL (PHP 8.1为例):

sudo yum install https://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/epel-release-latest-$(rpm -E %rhel).noarch.rpm -y
sudo yum install https://rpms.remirepo.net/enterprise/remi-release-$(rpm -E %rhel).rpm -y
sudo yum install yum-utils -y
sudo yum-config-manager --enable remi-php81
sudo yum install php php-fpm php-mysqlnd php-curl php-gd php-mbstring php-xml php-zip -y

启动PHP-FPM：

sudo systemctl start php-fpm
sudo systemctl enable php-fpm

5. 配置Nginx使用PHP

编辑Nginx默认配置文件：

sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/default

添加或修改以下内容（Ubuntu路径）：

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name _;
    root /var/www/html;
    index index.php index.html index.htm;

    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }

    location ~ \.php$ {
        include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
        fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php8.1-fpm.sock;
    }

    location ~ /\.ht {
        deny all;
    }
}

对于CentOS，配置文件通常位于/etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf

测试并重载Nginx配置：

sudo nginx -t
sudo systemctl reload nginx

6. 测试PHP

创建测试文件：

sudo nano /var/www/html/info.php

添加以下内容：

<?php phpinfo(); ?>

访问 http://your_server_ip/info.php 应该能看到PHP信息页面。

7. 可选组件安装

安装phpMyAdmin (可选)

# Ubuntu/Debian
sudo apt install phpmyadmin -y

# CentOS/RHEL
sudo yum install phpmyadmin -y

安装Redis (可选)

# Ubuntu/Debian
sudo apt install redis-server php-redis -y

# CentOS/RHEL
sudo yum install redis php-pecl-redis -y
sudo systemctl start redis
sudo systemctl enable redis

8. 防火墙配置

如果启用了防火墙，需要开放HTTP/HTTPS端口：

# Ubuntu/Debian使用ufw
sudo ufw allow 'Nginx Full'

# CentOS/RHEL使用firewalld
sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http
sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=https
sudo firewall-cmd --reload

9. 验证安装

• Nginx: 访问服务器IP应看到Nginx欢迎页面
• MySQL: mysql -u root -p 应该能登录
• PHP: 访问info.php应显示PHP信息

现在你的LNMP环境已经安装完成，可以开始部署Web应用了！